Endangered Species Law & Policy

In a decision that casts a shadow on the enforceability of contractual assurances in habitat conservation plan (HCP) agreements, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit rejected various Endangered Species Act (ESA) and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) challenges to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s (Service) designation of critical habitat for a native fish species (the Santa Ana Sucker) on the Santa Ana River in Southern California. Bear Valley Municipal Water Company v. Jewell, No. 12-57297 (9th Cir. June 25, 2015).

This is the first case to address the interplay between the No Surprises Rule and the Service’s discretion under section 4 of the ESA to exclude areas from critical habitat based on economic impact and any other relevant impact . . . . The case is also the first to address whether the ESA policy provision directing the federal wildlife agencies to coordinate with local agencies to resolve water resource issues imposes enforceable obligations on the wildlife agencies.

In the 1990s, the Service approved the Western Riverside County Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan (Western Riverside HCP) – a multi-species conservation plan covering over a million acres in urban Southern California. In 2010, the Service’s critical habitat rule relating to the sucker designated 3,048 acres on the Santa Ana River covered by the Western Riverside HCP.

The implementing agreement for the Western Riverside HCP included a No Surprises provision, stating that to the maximum extent allowable, unless the Service found that the HCP was not being implemented, the Service would not designate critical habitat for a covered species that was adequately conserved by the Western Riverside HCP. The Service did not make the finding required by the agreement, and the court acknowledged that the Western Riverside HCP was being implemented.

The Ninth Circuit decided the issues on appeal as follows:

1. The Service’s designation of critical habitat on the Santa Ana River within the area of the Western Riverside HCP complied with the ESA and did not violate the agreement implementing the HCP. The Service’s decision to not exclude the HCP areas from critical habitat is committed to the discretion of the Service and is not reviewable by the court. In any event, the critical habitat designation did not violate the HCP agreement because the Service has not imposed additional requirements on the parties to the agreement.
2. The policy provision in the ESA regarding consultation with agencies to resolve water resource issues in concert with conservation of endangered species is a non-operative statement of policy that is implemented through the listing and critical habitat designation provisions of the ESA. The Service complied with the procedures applicable to designation of critical habitat.
3. The designation of critical habitat in areas that are not occupied by the sucker complied with the ESA. The ESA allows the Service to designate unoccupied areas of critical habitat if the Service finds that the designation is essential to the conservation of the species and the designated occupied areas are inadequate to conserve the species. The Service concluded that the unoccupied areas were essential because they provide water and course sediment necessary to maintain preferred substrate conditions.
4. The designation of critical habitat is not subject to NEPA. The panel concluded that it was bound by the prior Ninth Circuit decision holding that NEPA does not apply to the designation of critical habitat. Notably, the Tenth Circuit has held to the contrary.